1. What is the Dual Prevention Mechanism?

The "Dual Prevention Mechanism" comprises two integrated systems: the Safety Risk Grading Control Mechanism and the Hidden Danger Investigation and Management Mechanism.

2. How was the Dual Prevention Mechanism proposed?

• December 2015: At the 127th Standing Committee Meeting of the Political Bureau, President Xi Jinping emphasized: "Implement the dual preventive working mechanism of risk grading control and hidden danger investigation/treatment in industries prone to major accidents, shifting safety efforts forward."
• January 2016: The State Council's National Work Safety Teleconference mandated implementation in high-risk industries.
• Key policy documents requiring enterprise implementation:
  • Opinions on Advancing Reform and Development in Work Safety (CPC Central Committee & State Council, Dec 9, 2016)
  • Guidelines for Preventing Major Accidents Through Holistic Measures (State Council Safety Commission, Apr 28, 2016)
  • Implementation Guidelines for Establishing Dual Prevention Mechanisms (State Council Safety Commission, Oct 9, 2016)

3. Why establish the Dual Prevention Mechanism?

Major accidents reveal persistent challenges in "failure to recognize and anticipate" risks. President Xi directed targeted measures to:

• Systematically document all safety risks
• Advance prevention from hazard treatment to risk control
• Disrupt the accident chain: Uncontrolled risks → Hidden dangers → Accidents

4. Government's role in Dual Prevention Mechanism development

Role	Responsibilities
‌Organizer‌	Develop standards, assign responsibilities, implement plans
‌Supervisor‌	Oversee enterprise implementation, provide expert guidance
‌Promoter‌	Publicize best practices, highlight deficiencies

5. How do accidents occur?

• ‌Direct causes‌: Unsafe human behavior, hazardous equipment conditions, unsafe environments
• ‌Indirect causes‌: Management deficiencies, regulatory failures
• ‌Accident chain‌: Hidden dangers (direct + indirect causes) → Accident

6. What constitutes a hidden danger?

Violations of safety regulations OR conditions containing:

• Unsafe human actions
• Hazardous material states
• Unsafe environmental factors
• Management deficiencies

7. Hidden danger classification

Level	Characteristics
‌General‌	Low hazard, immediately correctable
‌Major‌	Requires shutdowns, extended remediation time, or external support

8. Hidden Danger Investigation

Systematic process where technical staff and safety officers:

1. Identify hazards
2. Classify by severity
3. Document in hazard registry

9. Hidden Danger Management

Elimination/control process including:

• Responsibility assignment
• Corrective action planning
• Resource allocation
• Implementation monitoring
• Verification and closure

10. Closed-loop Management Essentials

1. Establish self-inspection/self-correction systems
2. Implement PDCA cycle: Identification → Assessment → Treatment → Verification
3. Key institutional requirements:
   • Hazard registration/reporting
   • Rectification transparency
   • Major hazard supervision
4. ‌Five Fundamentals for major hazards‌: Responsibility, Measures, Funding, Timeline, Contingency Plan

11. Origin of Hidden Dangers

Result from risk control failures:

• Incomplete risk point identification
• Inadequate hazard source recognition
• Incorrect risk grading
• Absent/inappropriate control measures
• Poor implementation

12. Risk Grading Control Procedure

1. Identify risk points
2. Recognize hazard sources
3. Assess and grade risks
4. Develop control measures
5. Verify effectiveness and update

13. Risk Point Definition

Locations, facilities, areas, or operational processes where hazards manifest.
Core concept: Foundation for hazard source identification and risk assessment.

14. Hazard Source Definition

Root causes that may lead to injuries, health impairment, or property damage (e.g., energy sources, hazardous materials).

15. Risk Definition

Combination of accident ‌probability‌ and ‌severity‌ of consequences.
Formula: Risk = Probability × Severity

16. Risk vs. Hazard Source Relationship

• Hazard sources ‌carry‌ risks
• All hazard sources involve risk; magnitude varies
• Risk assessment requires hazard source identification

17. Risk vs. Hidden Danger Comparison

‌Risk‌	‌Hidden Danger‌
Inherent possibility of harm	Manifestation of control failure
Managed through reduction	Eliminated through correction
Proactive focus	Reactive indicator

Relationship: Hidden dangers emerge from ineffective risk control.

18. Hazard Source Identification

Process to recognize hazards and determine their characteristics.
Methods: Task-based analysis, Accident mechanism analysis

19. Risk Assessment

Evaluation of hazard-induced risks considering:

• Existing control adequacy
• Risk acceptability

20. Risk Grading

Classification for prioritized management:

1. ‌Major (Red)‌
2. ‌Significant (Orange)‌
3. ‌Moderate (Yellow)‌
4. ‌Low (Blue)‌

21. Risk Grading Control

Hierarchical management approach where:

• Higher risk = Higher control level
• Upper levels supervise lower-level implementation

22. Risk Control Measures

‌Selection criteria:‌ Feasibility, Safety, Reliability, Cost-effectiveness
‌Types:‌

• Engineering controls
• Administrative procedures
• Training programs
• PPE
• Emergency response
  ‌Pre-implementation review:‌

1. Effectiveness evaluation
2. Risk reduction validation
3. New hazard identification
4. Solution optimization

23. Risk Identification vs. Hazard Investigation

‌Risk Identification‌	‌Hazard Investigation‌
Focus: Inherent risks	Focus: Control deficiencies
Periodic execution	Continuous monitoring
Triggered by changes	All-time requirement

24. Risk Information

Comprehensive dataset including:

• Hazard source attributes
• Risk magnitude/level
• Control requirements
• Responsibility assignments
  Enterprise compilation = Risk Grading Control Registry